Cardiac complications of COVID-19 vaccination: now we know more.

The proliferation of good quality observational studies on the potential adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccination has greatly increased our knowledge on myocarditis and pericarditis, and also, more recently, on arterial hypertension. According to some recent studies, the incidence of a significant increase in blood pressure after COVID-19 vaccination is about 3.2% (95% CI: 1.62-6.21). The incidence of serious hypertensive emergencies or stage III hypertension has been reported as 0.6%. It is well known that the 'spike protein' of the Sars-CoV-2 virus, the synthesis of which is induced by vaccines, binds to ACE2 receptors, inducing their migration towards the inside of the cell. This would result in a lack of ACE2 activity on cell surfaces and therefore a relative deficiency of angiotensin1-7 with a relative excess of angiotensin II, which could explain, at least in part, the blood pressure increases. Regarding myo-pericarditis, there is evidence that the advantages of COVID-19 vaccination over non-vaccination remain preponderant in terms of prevented hospitalizations and serious complications of COVID-19, compared with the risk of developing myocarditis. In the age group most at risk of COVID-19 vaccine myocarditis (12-29 years), for every 100 000 vaccinated, compared to about four more cases of myocarditis we have 56 fewer hospitalizations, 13.8 admissions to intensive care and 0.6 fewer deaths. Several studies have shown that post vaccine myocarditis/pericarditis are generally short-lasting phenomena with favourable clinically course.

[The OIBOH Registry (Optimal Intensification therapy in a Broad Observed High risk patient population with coronary disease): an Italian observational study of secondary prevention after a coronary event during the pandemic COVID-19 outbreak]. / Il registro OIBOH (Optimal Intensification therapy in a Broad Observed High risk patient population with coronary disease): studio italiano osservazionale di prevenzione secondaria dopo evento coronarico durante la pandemia COVID-19.

Razionale. In Italia la pandemia COVID-19 ha determinato importanti riorganizzazioni logistiche nell'erogazione delle cure ospedaliere e di specialistica ambulatoriale. Ciò ha spinto clinici e decisori pubblico-amministrativi della Sanità ad adottare nuovi modelli organizzativi in molteplici scenari clinici. Materiali e metodi. Il registro OIBOH (Optimal Intensification therapy in a Broad Observed High risk patient population with coronary disease) è uno studio osservazionale "cross-sectional" condotto in vari centri italiani di cardiologia ambulatoriale per valutare durante la pandemia COVID-19 la capacità di identificare in breve tempo i pazienti ad altissimo rischio cardiovascolare residuo dopo un evento coronarico recente (<12 mesi). Successivamente alla valutazione clinica iniziale, venivano arruolati i pazienti ritenuti ad altissimo rischio, registrando le caratteristiche cliniche e di trattamento in una scheda di raccolta dati elettronica.Risultati. Al registro hanno partecipato 134 centri di cardiologia ambulatoriale che hanno arruolato 1428 pazienti su 3227 esaminati fra quelli che avevano avuto accesso ad una visita cardiologica durante la pandemia nel periodo ottobre 2020-marzo 2021. Il criterio di arruolamento era costituito dall'aver avuto una diagnosi di coronaropatia confermata angiograficamente negli ultimi 12 mesi, per sindrome coronarica acuta (SCA) o cronica (SCC). La SCA come evento indice era presente nel 93% dei pazienti arruolati mentre la SCC nel 7%. L'età media era 67 ± 10 anni, il 25% era di sesso femminile. Il 96.1% dei pazienti con SCA e il 67.6% dei pazienti con SCC sono stati sottoposti a rivascolarizzazione coronarica. Il 46% e 47% dei pazienti con SCA e SCC, rispettivamente, era diabetico. Oltre il 65% dei pazienti presentava una malattia coronarica multivasale. È stata osservata una importante prevalenza di arteriopatia periferica (17.5% nei pazienti con SCA e 19.6% nei pazienti con SCC). I valori di pressione arteriosa e frequenza cardiaca risultavano ben controllati (128 ± 25.2 mmHg e 65 ± 12.3 b/min nei pazienti con SCA; 127 ± 23.4 mmHg e 67 ± 13.2 b/min nei pazienti con SCC). Viceversa, è stato riportato uno scarso controllo dei livelli di colesterolemia LDL, con un valore medio di 88.8 ± 38.6 mg/dl nei pazienti con SCA e 86 ± 36.6 mg/dl nei pazienti con SCC. Solo il 16.4% dei pazienti con SCA raggiungeva i livelli raccomandati dalle attuali linee guida europee. Nonostante l'estensivo uso di statine (>90%), si è rilevato un utilizzo limitato dell'associazione statina ad alta intensità + ezetimibe (solo il 22.4% dei pazienti). Estremamente basso è stato l'utilizzo di inibitori di PCSK9 (2.5%). La duplice terapia antiaggregante piastrinica (DAPT) è risultata complessivamente ben condotta fin dalla dimissione ospedaliera. Nei pazienti in DAPT, l'inibitore P2Y12 più utilizzato è risultato il ticagrelor alla dose di 90 mg, soprattutto dopo un evento coronarico acuto (in circa l'80% dei pazienti con SCA). Nella stragrande maggioranza dei casi (>90%) i cardiologi ambulatoriali hanno posto indicazione a prosecuzione della DAPT oltre i 12 mesi con aspirina e ticagrelor 60 mg bid. Conclusioni. La gestione del paziente con coronaropatia in fase cronica stabilizzata è molto complessa. Tale complessità logistico-gestionale si è accentuata durante la pandemia COVID-19. Il registro OIBOH ha evidenziato un'ottima capacità di identificare le problematiche clinico-prognostiche delle cardiologie ambulatoriali italiane, specie nei pazienti ad altissimo rischio residuo. Rimangono importanti aree di miglioramento come uno stretto controllo della colesterolemia LDL, mentre altre raccomandazioni delle linee guida, come la prosecuzione della DAPT con ticagrelor 60 mg oltre i 12 mesi, risultano ben applicate. L'implementazione dell'assistenza con la medicina digitale e l'intelligenza artificiale potrebbe migliorare di molto la performance dei clinici.

Impact of SARS-CoV-2 positivity on clinical outcome among STEMI patients undergoing mechanical reperfusion: Insights from the ISACS STEMI COVID 19 registry.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: SARS-Cov-2 predisposes patients to thrombotic complications, due to excessive inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, platelet activation, and coagulation/fibrinolysis disturbances. The aim of the present study was to evaluate clinical characteristics and prognostic impact of SARS-CoV-2 positivity among STEMI patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). METHODS: We selected SARS-CoV-2 positive patients included in the ISACS-STEMI COVID-19, a retrospective multicenter European registry including 6609 STEMI patients treated with PPCI from March 1st until April 30th, in 2019 and 2020. As a reference group, we randomly sampled 5 SARS-Cov-2 negative patients per each SARS-CoV-2 positive patient, individually matched for age, sex, and hospital/geographic area. Study endpoints were in-hospital mortality, definite stent thrombosis, heart failure. RESULTS: Our population is represented by 62 positive SARS-CoV-2 positive patients who were compared with a matched population of 310 STEMI patients. No significant difference was observed in baseline characteristics or the modality of access to the PCI center. In the SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, the culprit lesion was more often located in the RCA (p < 0.001). Despite similar pre and postprocedural TIMI flow, we observed a trend in higher use of GP IIb-IIIa inhibitors and a significantly higher use of thrombectomy in the SARS-CoV-2 positive patients. SARS-CoV-2 positivity was associated with a remarkably higher in hospital mortality (29% vs 5.5%, p < 0.001), definite in-stent thrombosis (8.1% vs 1.6%, p = 0.004) and heart failure (22.6% vs 10.6%, p = 0.001) that was confirmed after adjustment for confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that among STEMI patients, SARS-CoV-2 positivity is associated with larger thrombus burden, a remarkably higher mortality but also higher rates of in-stent thrombosis and heart failure.

Impact of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on mortality during the COVID Pandemic among STEMI patients undergoing mechanical reperfusion: Insight from an international STEMI registry.

BACKGROUND: Concerns have been raised on a potential interaction between renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASI) and the susceptibility to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). No data have been so far reported on the prognostic impact of RASI in patients suffering from ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) during COVID-19 pandemic, which was the aim of the present study. METHODS: STEMI patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) and enrolled in the ISACS-STEMI COVID-19 registry were included in the present sub-analysis and divided according to RASI therapy at admission. RESULTS: Our population is represented by 6095 patients, of whom 3654 admitted in 2019 and 2441 in 2020. No difference in the prevalence of SARSCoV2 infection was observed according to RASI therapy at admission (2.5% vs 2.1%, p = 0.5), which was associated with a significantly lower mortality (adjusted OR [95% CI]=0.68 [0.51-0.90], P = 0.006), confirmed in the analysis restricted to 2020 (adjusted OR [95% CI]=0.5[0.33-0.74], P = 0.001). Among the 5388 patients in whom data on in-hospital medication were available, in-hospital RASI therapy was associated with a significantly lower mortality (2.1% vs 16.7%, OR [95% CI]=0.11 [0.084-0.14], p < 0.0001), confirmed after adjustment in both periods. Among the 62 SARSCoV-2 positive patients, RASI therapy, both at admission or in-hospital, showed no prognostic effect. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to investigate the impact of RASI therapy on the prognosis and SARSCoV2 infection of STEMI patients undergoing PPCI during the COVID-19 pandemic. Both pre-admission and in-hospital RASI were associated with lower mortality. Among SARSCoV2-positive patients, both chronic and in-hospital RASI therapy showed no impact on survival.

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Mechanical Reperfusion for Patients With STEMI.

BACKGROUND: The fear of contagion during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may have potentially refrained patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) from accessing the emergency system, with subsequent impact on mortality. OBJECTIVES: The ISACS-STEMI COVID-19 registry aims to estimate the true impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the treatment and outcome of patients with STEMI treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI), with identification of "at-risk" patient cohorts for failure to present or delays to treatment. METHODS: This retrospective registry was performed in European high-volume PPCI centers and assessed patients with STEMI treated with PPPCI in March/April 2019 and 2020. Main outcomes are the incidences of PPCI, delayed treatment, and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: A total of 6,609 patients underwent PPCI in 77 centers, located in 18 countries. In 2020, during the pandemic, there was a significant reduction in PPCI as compared with 2019 (incidence rate ratio: 0.811; 95% confidence interval: 0.78 to 0.84; p < 0.0001). The heterogeneity among centers was not related to the incidence of death due to COVID-19. A significant interaction was observed for patients with arterial hypertension, who were less frequently admitted in 2020 than in 2019. Furthermore, the pandemic was associated with a significant increase in door-to-balloon and total ischemia times, which may have contributed to the higher mortality during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic had significant impact on the treatment of patients with STEMI, with a 19% reduction in PPCI procedures, especially among patients suffering from hypertension, and a longer delay to treatment, which may have contributed to the increased mortality during the pandemic. (Primary Angioplasty for STEMI During COVID-19 Pandemic [ISACS-STEMI COVID-19] Registry; NCT04412655).